International Marketing Cultural Factors

Travel Articles Arent for Travel Magazines Only

Travel Articles Arent for Travel Magazines Only You shouldn’t limit your endeavors for a movement article deal living magazines, regionals, ways of life, papers, seniors magazines, general magazines and even pet magazines (if your pet article is travel related) and all the more all print travel articles. FAMILY FUN, a family and child rearing magazine, has a few travel columns.â Two are â€Å"We Tried It† and â€Å"You are There.†Ã¢ These one-page articles detail a family’s experience attempting a particular action or at a participatory attraction.â Christian magazines regularly join data about intriguing spots with missions or potentially service opportunities.â Business magazines have short articles relating to travelbusiness trips, air terminals that give activities between flights, etc.â Regional or way of life magazinesMIDWEST LIVING and SOUTHERN LIVING, for examplelook for short pieces on beautiful drives, city profiles, travels, goals, etc.â EVERYDAY WITH RACHAEL RAY, a food and way of life magazine, for the most part has up to ten pages of movement related articles.â Even cheap living pamphlets buy travel pieces.â I undercuts an article on the most proficient method to get a good deal on the acquisition of a rental vehicle and another on th e best way to set aside cash when taking an excursion to THE DOLLAR STRETCHER. And, obviously, there are the composing magazines.â Once you have a little travel-composing shrewd added to your repertoire, tell others how you do it Travel articles encapsulate more than the 2,000-3,000 word highlight articles on goals and so forth; they likewise incorporate 50-150-word brisk hit pieces on the most recent travel trendsgear, devices, etc.and other short 250-500 word pieces on everything from feasting and nightlife to wellbeing and transportation as long as it’s travelrelated.â Travel showcases other than the conventional travel markets are pervasive and for all intents and purposes interminable. Travel articles regularly ride at least one market boundaries.â That is the reason such a large number of various sorts of magazines can utilize them. For instance, a tale about individuals with handicaps or ailments utilizing air transportation would be both wellbeing and travel related and an anecdote about first class travel status could locate a home in a business magazine and a movement magazine.â I am right now chipping away at a short 250-word review for ARTHRITIS TODAY on a home-developed procedure my child thought of for a compartment to convey infusion needles on board a plane, an article provoked You can frequently gather the movement data for your elective magazine markets from what you utilized in a bigger more top to bottom travel article you composed for a true blue travel magazine.â I as of late composed a more-than-2,000-word coordinations article on a significant city for TRAVEL SMART, for example.â From that one article I had the option to separate a 600-word how-to for a composing magazine, a 1,000-word article for another and a 700-word how-to for a cheap living pamphlet (all movement related articles, of course).â And I’m not finished.â I likely arrangement a short refinery profile (travel related) for a whiskey magazine (non-travel distribution), a thought that came to me when I incorporated a refinery visit as a major aspect of my protracted coordinations article.â As I’d as of now examined and covered these side projects in my unique article, reusing them to other non-travel markets was genuinely basic. As independent journalists we have to keep the checks coming in. On the off chance that you’re a movement author, money in (I imply that actually) on each chance to â€Å"crossover† into other non-tourism publications with your movement articles.

How You Can Manage Psychosocial Stress

How You Can Manage Psychosocial Stress Stress Management Print How You Can Manage Psychosocial Stress By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD on November 12, 2019 facebook twitter linkedin Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Carly Snyder, MD on November 12, 2019 istockphoto   More in Stress Management Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Psychosocial stress affects most of us from time to time and can take a significant toll. It is the result of a cognitive appraisal (your mental interpretation) of what is at stake and what can be done about it. More simply put, psychosocial stress results when we look at a perceived social threat in our lives (real or even imagined) and discern that it may require resources we dont have. What Is Psychosocial Stress? Examples of psychosocial stress can include anything that translates to a perceived threat to our social status, social esteem, respect, and/or acceptance within a group; threat to our self-worth; or a threat that we feel we have no control over. All of these threats can lead to a stress response in the body.  These can be some of the most taxing stressors to deal with, as they can make us feel unsupported and alienated.  This can make it more difficult to cope. When psychosocial stress triggers a stress response, the body releases a group of stress hormones including cortisol, epinephrine (or adrenalin) and dopamine, which leads to a burst of energy as well as other changes in the body (see this article on the fight-or-flight response for more.) The changes brought about by stress hormones can be helpful in the short term, but can be damaging in the long run. For example, cortisol can improve the body’s functioning by increasing available energy (so that fighting or fleeing is more possible) but can lead to suppression of the immune system as well as a host of other effects. Decoding Your Fight or Flight Stress Response Epinephrine can also mobilize energy, but create negative psychological and physical outcomes with prolonged exposure. Thats why its important to manage psychosocial stress in our lives so that the stress response is only triggered when necessary. Its also important to learn stress relief techniques to effectively reverse the stress response so we dont experience prolonged states of stress  or chronic stress. There are several ways to manage psychosocial stress, because it involves factors on the outside (what were dealing with) and the inside (our thoughts about it), and can affect multiple areas of our lives.  Here are some strategies that can help. Develop Your Conflict Resolution Skills Conflict is an almost inevitable part of a relationship.  People are going to have disagreements and are going to want different things.  The way we manage conflict can create significant psychosocial stress but if you can work on your conflict resolution skills, that can help at least half of the equation: you can change what you bring to the situation, you can diffuse some of the negativity, and you can model healthier behavior.  This can greatly minimize the stress felt by all involved. Effective Conflict Resolution Skills Focus on Supportive Friends and Avoid Drama If you think about it, you know who you can trust to support you and who you cant.  Simply spending more time with those who make your life easier and minimizing time spent with those who make you feel stressed can cut down on a lot of the psychosocial stress you experience.  It wont cut out all of the drama you experience, but it can stop a lot of it. Try a Shift in Perspective Sometimes we feel angered or threatened by things that dont affect us that much, and the stress we feel as a result isnt necessary.  Changing how you look at something, or just shifting what you focus on can make a difference in your stress levels--it can make something that seems like a big deal feel less so.  When put in a different perspective, everything can feel less stressful. Shift Your Perspective and Change Your Life Find Stress Management Strategies That Work for You Finding ways to manage your overall stress level can help you to be less reactive to psychosocial stress, or any specific stressor.  The key is to find something that works well for you and something that fits well in your life and with your personality.

Top 80s Songs of Superstar Solo Artist Phil Collins

The History of Rock and Roll Music Essay - 1037 Words

The 1960s were the classic age of rock music. The main sub-genres were defined in the 1960s. The paradigm of rock music as the alternative to commercial pop music was established in the 1960s. Wild experimentation alloweds rock musicians to explore a range of musical styles that few musicians had attempted before 1966. Captain Beefheart and the Velvet Underground also created a different kind of rock music within rock music, a different paradigm within the new paradigm, one that will influence alternative musicians for decades. More than musical giants like Bob Dylan and Jimi Hendrix, humble musicians like Captain Beefheart, the Velvet Underground and the Red Crayola may be the true heroes of the 1960s. A black man†¦show more content†¦They followed his dreams. Dillon had turned rock music into an expression of the ambitions of youth. Around this time commercial rock music completely changed as it hit the coast of California. This change came in the form of surf music. The beach boys had taken rock music and put a spin on it with vocal harmonies. While before rock music was a way of fighting the system California turned it into a music all about having fun at the beaches and parties. By the 60’s the times were ready for change but something drastic still needed to happen. England would become a major part of American rock. In England Mersey-beat was born. Mersey beat was rock but with history behind it. From this came bands like the Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, Yardbirds, The Animals, and many others. The Rolling stones became the sensation throughout England. They’re first record became one of the most successful singles of the era. The yard birds were the most experimental of them all. Out of the Yardbirds came three of the best guitarists in history: Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck and Jimi Page. The second generation of the 60’s created the Kinks and The Who. Both went on to record concept albums and rock operas that paraphrased the British operetta at the sound of rock music. Then in the Mid 60’s The Cream and Led Zeppelin brought change with a louder, harder blues rock mix. Cream had very long solos and Led Zeppelins fast riffs. This was trulyShow MoreRelatedA Brief History Of Rock And Roll And The Woodstock Music Festival Of 19691382 Words   |  6 PagesA Brief History of Rock and Roll and The Woodstock Music Festival of 1969 Throughout history, major social transformations have taken place that has changed how people perceive themselves and the world around them. With each social reformation, cultural forms and institutions also change as well as their meanings. For Example, the development of recording and electronic communication within United States capitalism spurred the unique coming together of music traditions in twentieth century UnitedRead MoreA Perspective Of Rock And Roll s Impact On Society1653 Words   |  7 PagesA Perspective of Rock and Roll’s Impact on Society â€Å"Rock and roll keeps you in a constant state of juvenile delinquency,† stated Eddie Spaghetti; this quote captures the essence of rock n roll. It speaks it s truth about the influence on attitudes towards authority and implies how society reacted to the new revolution created by Rock ‘n roll, transforming the world into what it has become today. The music affected how people used recreational drugs, having unmarried sex, and threatened the traditionalRead MoreAmerican Pie Is A Song That Made A Huge Impact On Americans850 Words   |  4 Pagesthe events from the nineteen fifties through nineteen seventies after Buddy Holly’s death. 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The book is chronologically ordered, organizing the movement into 45 chapters and clearly showing how rock and roll artists influenced each other throughout the time periodRead MoreRock And Roll : Rock Roll1169 Words   |  5 PagesRey Marinas Mus160 CRN 10962 Homework # 2 Rock Roll Rock music has come a long way since its development in the early 20th century. The genre, defined â€Å"as a merger between rhythmblues and country† (Scaruffi, The History of Rock Music:1955-1966), started out more as an underground market, but ended up becoming a significant aspect of American popular music history. Rock-n-Roll music produce many legendary artists who will forever be known as innovators of the genre. Elvis Presley and ChuckRead MoreThe Origins Of Rock And Roll1090 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"African Americans invented Rock and Roll, without their musical contributions we would not have the genre.† As an eager, attentive History 105 student I have had to opportunity to learn a great deal about the origins of the genre of Rock and Roll. The origin, even though many historians have attempted to determine exactly where it came from, is still unknown. Rock and Roll is a blend of Gospel, Jazz, Blues, Hillbilly, Rhythm and Blues and many more types of music. Throughout this essay I will tryRead MoreEssay The History of Rock and Roll1033 Words   |  5 PagesRock music has come a long way since its development in the early 20th century. The genre, defined â€Å"as a merger between rhythmblues and country† (Scaruffi, The History of Rock Music:1955-1966), started out more as an underground market, but ended up becoming a significant aspect of American popular music history. Rock-n-Roll music produce many legendary artists who will for ever be known as innovators of the genre. Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were some of the many artists in Rock-n-Roll who willRead MoreRock And Roll : An Ongoing Process900 Words   |  4 PagesDanita Mottie Final Exam Rock and roll is an ongoing process. Some might say it’s dead in it’s tracks but as i mention in later answers, rock and roll is a statement rather than a genre. The most effective process has been through would be it’s transformation. Between the mid-1960s and 1995 i believe rock and roll changed in more of a dramatic way. The Beatles were a big game changer in the 1960s as everyone likes to use the term revolutionary to describe what happened with music. The beatles were evenRead MoreRock And Roll : An Integral Part Of American Culture1705 Words   |  7 PagesI love Rock Roll! So, put another dime in the jukebox baby.† - (Joan Jett). Still like that old time Rock Roll. That kind of music just soothes the soul, I reminisce about the days of old, with that old time Rock Roll.† - (Bob Segar). Music has always been an integral part of American culture. Music is the art of combining vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion (Oxford Dictionary). People of any race, age, social class, intelligenceRead MoreThe Effect of Rock and Roll on American Society694 Words   |  3 PagesRock and roll was not just a new generation of music; it was music that created a new generation. Rock and roll had a transformative effect on American society because it encouraged younger people to break out of the more conservative American mold, increased the use of technology in daily life, as well as implemented civil rights movements that bolstered minority groups and races. Rock and roll helped break many people out of the pre-war mindset and into a new, fresh one. Although many adults detested

economic change Essay Example For Students

economic change Essay In the world at this time the economic change was happening at an accelerated speed and this effected Canada. Industrialization started a whole new revolution in Canada. The movement from agricultural habitation to industrial base habitation was beginning. Also in this economic change there was a shift in the growth of industries in the city. People worked in the city but their homes were out in the country, so they had to move to the city. This caused a growth in the number of people living in cities, which meant the cities had to grow. Despite the larger numbers of people coming over from agricultural too industrial the ratio of farmers to factory workers was 4:1. Now with farmers becoming factory workers there could be some changes in our technology specially in the field of transportation. From the factories started to come inventions that could help men and women travel faster than their grandparents or their parents could have possibly imagined. The development of these items t hat are still around today would change history. The developments were thing like trains, electrical trolleys, and bikes. Thanks to these inventions the cities were able to move further apart so that there was more room. People did not have to sleep as close to their employment buildings. With all this happening, other thing began to improve as well, such as the standards of living. Things were beginning to modernize such as housing, medical, and hygine, were becoming more standard in life. Thanks to the factories, hygine began with more sanitary procedures such as dealing with human waste. The toilet was invented by Tomas Crapper. The toilets that Crapper thought up, were mass produced because of the factories. So we can say change in economy brings great things for the country. Though our Economic was going through many different changes Canada still had some stability. We had political stability. Canada was originally British owned and Queen Victoria ruled over Canada for 50 years. Being part of Britain had many advantages such as, being apart of the most solidified rulers on the planet. The British owned near 20% of earth which is allot. Britain was what the United States are today. They were most likely feared and respected all around the world. A disadvantage to being apart of Britain was that Canada wanted to be its own nation and not seen as just a British colony. Canada wanted to start the search for its nationalism which it got in the year 1876. Even more stability was that Canada and the USA were having no more wars with one another. Also the end to slavery which came in 1833 and is still stable even today. Even with everything changing you can always find some stability. The changes that took place in our Social and Cultural in this time are the things that make Canada great. The end to slavery comes for Canada and the British the same year in 1833. It ended in America in 1865. Education becomes compulsary and universal for getting a job with industrial realtions. Which was the hole reason we now have such great technoigies and increase in literacy. The rural and uran shift became a land slide by this time the ratio of factrory worker to the farmers was 4:1 a direct change from the 1:4 we had just before and a little into the turn of the century. Still in this time women were considered non persons until some were between 1900-1920 where that were considered people by the government. At this time our immigration number shot way up to 2 million people a year. They came for many different reasons such as over crowed places and families being kicked off their land. They saw posters advertisming free land in Canada so they moved here to start over and be gin their new lives as Canadians. These modifications in Canada is exactly what makes our nation so great and so well respected around the world.

Organisational Structure free essay sample

The organisational structure of a company reflects its culture, its management style and its leader attitude in addition to the environment in which it has to operate. Without giving a full description of the two airlines structure it is worth saying that British Airways and Virgin Airlines mainly differ in two aspects: size and culture. Both companies have a structure which is mostly dictated by operational needs characteristic to every airline. British Airways has a more formalised structure with precise rules and procedures, due to its size and the global scope of its activity. A major change in the last years has been the reduction of its management layers, between the chief executive and the front line who interface with customers, from nine to five. It now has small ad hoc groups working in parallel with the formal structure, with responsibilities that cut across different functions, or in some case duplicated these functions. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Structure or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Virgin Atlantic is a more cost conscious, lean and mean organisation. It has a small, networked and dynamic structure. It relies more on personal initiatives, helped in this by its small scale and its leader’s management style. Virgin in fact is one of the best delegated companies. 5. 2 Corporate culture The organisational culture consists of the deep basic assumptions, beliefs, values and norms which are shared by members of an organisation, arise from the organisation’s history and tradition and are modified by contemporary events. It can more simply synthesised as the assumptions about â€Å"how people do things around here†. The culture of an organisation is fundamental because the mission, the strategies and the way they will be accomplished will spread from this core of key assumptions, how it is managed and how effectively it is communicated and shared throughout the organisation. The culture will be affected from and will affect leadership and the style of management and will play a major role in customer satisfaction especially in the service industry where the absence of physical evidences must be replaced by a strong culture. Corporate culture can be described as a self sustaining system by McKinsey 7S’s model which includes Staff, Skills, Style, Shared Values, Systems and Structure, all mobilised by an overall Strategy. Those who would evolve a culture that can pursue an effective strategy must: hire the right Staff (service oriented), train them in the right Skills (emotional labour), manage them in the Style required (trust, empowerment), select values to Share with them (customers first), install the right Systems (performance appraisal), improve the Structure (less hierarchy, more cross-functional teams). Where all these six points on the hexagon have been dealt with they can help mobilise a coherent strategy (see Illustration 5. 1). In BA and Virgin Atlantic marketing fuses with the highly visible corporate culture experienced by passengers. The culture is really what customers buy. It is a larger pattern in which the physical features, such as seating and food, are embedded. Product innovations can be rapidly imitated but the culture cannot be easily copied. It has to be built up and learned. Developing an effective service culture moves an airline ahead of its competitors with imitators are more likely to fail. There are two cultures in British Airways, one high in the sky at 30,000 feet which is highly co-operative, service oriented focused on passengers and the other one on the ground highly competitive, politicised head-to-head with the external world, where it seems that fiercely adversarial values reigned. Middle management, which is key to the implementation of any strategy and the outcome of cultural change, is still ruled by separate functions and at the top all the weight still goes on the individualist functions of high finance and take-over. There is still some job to be done (see Illustration 5. 2). [pic] Competitive Politicised Functionalist Specialist Co-operative Service oriented Illustration 5. 2 British Airways’ cultures The reason for BA’s success lies in the radical change of its culture undertaken in the 80’s and which is still going on, as Mr. Ayling stated recently. BA managed in the 80’s to change from the airline of last resort to the world’s favourite carrier. The airline was grossly overmanned, unpunctual and strike prone, with a very special disdain for passengers. It needed a coherent philosophy on how the customer can best be served. Most of the change has been prompted by a marketing orientation. Customers have been posed at the centre of the attention and individuals have been empowered to take initiative. It learned to respond to customers’ requirements and co-act on individuals’ initiatives. Ayling is now concerned about how to remove the last vestiges of bureaucracy. A customer oriented culture is vary important for an airline. Its reputation relies mostly on verbal encounters between airline staff and passengers, most lasting less than 30 seconds. A company such as British Airways, with its 30 million passengers a year interacting an average 7. 5 times per journey, could expect 225 million of such short interactions. Those dealing directly with customers must have room for discretion and personal initiative. They need to be looked after so that they can repeat this caring approach onto the customers. Customers’ intuitive reaction is not to the product, but to an ambience, environment or culture within the cabin and at the check in desk. Even when staff are seen as professional and competent they are likely to be also seen as cold, uncaring and ureaucratic in their response to customers. The how is often more important than the what, especially as a source of dissatisfaction. Cabin staff’s content of work varies so much. They don’t know what kind of emotional response will be called for (emotional labour). The best workers are in excellent physical and mental shape and must have close group bounds for shari ng each other’s grief and pain. The culture must be one in which people pass on to others the quality of the care they receive. The supervisor gives trust, support and the advice and then leave them free to use their judgement. Much work in cabins and on counters is not personally fulfilling, they don’t get customers’ gratitude and friendship. The praise therefore must come from colleagues and supervisors and must be an attribute of the culture. As seen in the 7S’s model evaluation and reward systems are an essential part of the culture and provide it with support and reinforcement. British Airways applies a two-dimensional evaluation system for managers based on what people achieve and how they do it. The how is in fact an upward appraisal system. The appraisal system is then tied up to a cash bonus system, which directly rewards high combinations of what and how. There are some dilemmas that British Airways culture must reconcile: Lean and Mean versus Fat and Happy, individual responsibility versus group cohesion, specialists versus generalists, hard (operational) versus soft (service) part of the business. All those elements are essential to success. Passengers want both safe, comfortable, punctual aircraft and be treated as people, individuals whose cares and concerns matter. Leaders have to manage the conflict in order to get the best for their employees and their customers. Management must find a paradigm which reconciliates the top, the bottom and the middle of the organisation. 5. 2. 2 Management style and leadership at British Airways The traditional style at BA had been bureaucratic, distancing, highly segmented between functions and characterised by low personal feedback, neglect of subordinates, depersonalisation and hierarchy. It has changed to a style where coaching, training and supporting are key to employees empowerment. Manager learn how to trust employees developing a vision and then letting employees use judgement and discretion while responsibility remains with them (see Chapter 12). Managers are shown how to build a support system, so that they can get help from one another outside the formal structure and across functions. Subordinates need to be shown how their job contribute to the larger whole. People are asked to make decisions, they are provide with a vision or framework in which they are then empowered to take action to respond to non standard situations. Mistakes are forgivable provided one tries. Lord King has had a more autocratic style to manage BA, but delegation at BA has started with Sir Colin Marshall who preferred to work one-on-one, delegating responsibility directly to key individuals. The management at all levels need to set a positive example which pervades the organisation. Mutually responsive relationships created with customers can also be reproduced in relation to other stakeholders. It is vital to give status and support to people in the middle. This enables all the elements of the circle to learn and develop. . 2. 3 Virgin Atlantic’s Culture Virgin is a Virgin is a flat and partecipative organisation with an open, enterprising and flexible culture, staff are friendly, fun and courteous, the organisational climate is informal, encouraging, cheerful, morale is high and they enjoy their work. The culture at Virgin can best be described as a power culture, frequently found in small entrepreneurial organisations. The power source is namely Richard Branson with rays of power and influence spreading out from the central figure (see Illustration 5. 3). The organisation depends on trust and empathy for its effectiveness as well as personal interactions for communications. There are few rules and procedures, little bureaucracy and the organisation is proud and strong. A power culture such as Virgin has the ability to move quickly, innovate and react well to threats. The culture at Virgin is certainly a major contributor to its success. Virgin culture is probably unique in the airline industry. It was built on the vision of an airline dedicated to premium customers which could do anything to satisfy them. Virgin is very much customer focused and the major difference with BA is that this orientation pervades the total organisation. Virgin Atlantic is also dedicated to the long-term, it has always sought growth in the long term and acted accordingly. Richard Branson Illustration 5. 3 Virgin’s power culture Virgin corporate culture fully succeeds in conveying a sense of identity and unity of purpose to members of the organisation, facilitating the generation of commitment and mutuality, shaping behaviour by providing guidance on what is expected. There’s no airline for which the role of the leader in shaping the culture of an organisation would be more true. The staff love and are proud of being part of Virgin and talking about their company. Richard Branson sets the tone for the style of the airline, creating the assumptions of competence and furthering the trust without which an empowered organisation cannot operate, and leads by example. No rules, regulations or job descriptions have been developed. Examples have been set and story telling developed. Reward systems provide bonuses related to company’s result or the victory over a court settlement. . 2. 4 Management style and leadership at Virgin Atlantic Despite the lower pay in relation to competitors people love working at Virgin Atlantic, there is some kind of mystic related to working for its leader. R. Branson, or Richard for its employees, is not the classic chief executive officer. He is Virgin’s biggest assets and biggest liability. Without him Virgin would not exist or would probably a completely different airline. He has been the shaper who have given a vision and then lead by example to gain the commitment of his staff. Inexperience brought chaos in the beginning, but Branson’s presence on board and his willingness to make the work fun had produced an excellent service and high morale. Branson has adopted a more charismatic and laissez faire style of leadership. His ability to communicate has attracted both his people and the media attention. The result is an innovative, forward thinking, creative and quality oriented company. The management style can be defined as informal without being casual, but Virgin’s approach to business is totally serious. Branson has a particularly individual style of informal, risk taking, entrepreneurial management. He manages by empowerment and mega-parties for his staff. Directors and staff are equally trusted and involved in decision making, making of Virgin one of the best delegated companies (both responsibility and authority are delegated). Empowerment changes the way control is exercised. Everyone is close to the customer and loops are short with customer expectations being the principle motivation. Creative thinking is stimulated and people can emotionally rely on colleagues. Listening and walking around are positive attitudes Branson and other managers have at Virgin. Cross functional teams are widely spread and achievement is celebrated, there is a diffuse feeling of ownership of the airline’s problems and achievement. Everybody works flat out to make the impossible happen. This has created the most amazing camaraderie. The environment is relatively small and it helps to know each other. The real secret of Virgin Atlantic is in changing the traditional hierarchy which saw shareholders as the key public of a company followed by customers and staff. Virgin puts its staff first, customer second and shareholders third (see Illustration 5. 4). British Airways before privatisation Virgin Atlantic

Why war is inevitable essays

Why war is inevitable essays The recent attacks on the United States are among the worst terrorist attacks the world has ever seen. As stated by President Bush on September 11,2001, in an address to the nation, Our fellow citizens, our way of life, our very freedom came under attack in a series of deliberate and deadly terrorist attacks. The target was the heart of Americas economy as well as the heart of every American. The evil behind these cowardly attacks is a man by then name Osama bin Ladin, and his devote followers in the Taliban regime. Theyre not only behind the recent attacks on the United States, but the bombing of the USS Cole and the bombing of the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi. These sick radicals have boldly announced they will stop at nothing to kill as many Americans possible. To negotiate with them is impossible, and that is why war inevitable. In this paper, I will explain why a war against Osama bin Ladin and all terrorism is the answer, and the only answer. Many people may argue that it is not the United States place to start another war. A war is expensive, long, and carries the risk of loosing more American lives. However, it is important to understand that the United States is not a bully, waging an undeserved war. In fact, we did not start this war, war was waged upon us. The terrorist declared war on every American when they hijacked four American airplanes and used them as flying bombs to kill thousands of innocent civilians. Remember, there was no aggressive military action taken after the bombing of the U.S. Embassy, the bombing of the U.S.S. Cole, or after the first attempt to take down the World Trade Centers; all of which have been linked back to Osama bin Laden. How many more thousands of lives need to be lost before we start defending the safety of the American people? When speaking to the issue of backing the American military forces with the Canadian Armed forces on Friday, Septem...

Biography of Chandragupta Maurya, Indian Emperor

Biography of Chandragupta Maurya, Indian Emperor Chandragupta Maurya (c. 340–c. 297 BCE) was an Indian emperor who founded the Maurya Empire, which rapidly expanded across much of India into modern-day Pakistan. Maurya did battle with Alexander the Great, who invaded the Indian kingdom in 326 BCE, and prevented the Macedonian king from conquering the far side of the Ganges. Maurya went on to unite almost all of what is now India and defeat Alexanders successors. Fast Facts: Chandragupta Maurya Known For: Maurya united ancient India under the Maurya Empire in 322 BCE.Born: c. 340 BCEDied: 297 BCE in Shravanabelagola, Maurya EmpireSpouse: DurdharaChildren: Bindusara Early Life Chandragupta Maurya was reportedly born in Patna (in the modern-day Bihar state of India) sometime around 340 BCE. Scholars are uncertain of some details about his life. For example, some texts claim that both of Chandragupta’s parents were of the Kshatriya (warrior or prince) caste, while others state that his father was a king and his mother a maid from the lowly Shudra (servant) caste. It seems likely that Maurys father was Prince Sarvarthasiddhi of the Nanda Kingdom.  Chandragupta’s grandson, Ashoka the Great, later claimed a blood relationship to Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, but this claim is unsubstantiated. We know almost nothing about Chandragupta Maurya’s childhood and youth before he took on the Nanda Empire, which supports the hypothesis that he was of humble origin- no records about him exist until he founded the Maurya Empire. Maurya Empire Chandragupta was brave and charismatic- a born leader. The young man came to the attention of a famous Brahmin scholar, Chanakya, who bore a grudge against the Nanda. Chanakya began to groom Chandragupta to conquer and rule in the place of the Nanda emperor by teaching him tactics through different Hindu sutras and helping him raise an army. Chandragupta allied himself to the king of a mountain kingdom- perhaps the same Puru who had been defeated but spared by Alexander- and set out to conquer the Nanda. Initially, the upstart’s army was rebuffed, but after a long series of battles Chandragupta’s forces laid siege to the Nanda capital at Pataliputra. In 321 BCE the capital fell, and 20-year-old Chandragupta Maurya started his own kingdom. It was named the Maurya Empire. Chandragupta’s new empire stretched from what is now Afghanistan  in the west to Myanmar (Burma) in the east, and from Jammu and Kashmir in the north to the Deccan Plateau in the south. Chanakya served as the equivalent of a prime minister in the fledgling government. When Alexander the Great died in 323 BCE, his generals divided up his empire into satrapies  so that each of them would have a territory to rule, but by about 316, Chandragupta Maurya was able to defeat and incorporate all of the satrapies in the mountains of Central Asia, extending his empire to the edge of what is now Iran, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. Some sources allege that Chandragupta Maurya may have arranged for the assassination of two of the Macedonian satraps: Philip, son of Machatas, and Nicanor of Parthia. If so, it was a very precocious act even for Chandragupta- Philip was assassinated in 326  when the future ruler of the Maurya Empire was still an anonymous teenager. Conflicts With Southern India and Persia In 305 BCE, Chandragupta decided to expand his empire into eastern Persia. At the time, Persia was ruled by Seleucus I Nicator, founder of the Seleucid Empire, and a former general under Alexander. Chandragupta seized a large area in eastern Persia. As part of the peace treaty that ended this war, Chandragupta gained control of that land as well as the hand of one of Seleucus’s daughters in marriage. In exchange, Seleucus received 500 war elephants, which he put to good use at the Battle of Ipsus in 301. With as much territory as he could comfortably rule to the north and west, Chandragupta Maurya next turned his attention to the south. With an army of 400,000 (according to Strabo) or 600,000 (according to Pliny the Elder), Chandragupta conquered all of the Indian subcontinent except for Kalinga (now Odisha) on the east coast and the Tamil kingdom at the southern tip of the landmass. By the end of his reign, Chandragupta Maurya had unified almost all of the Indian subcontinent. His grandson Ashoka would go on to add Kalinga and the Tamils to the empire. Family Life The only one of Chandragupta’s queens or consorts for whom we have a name is Durdhara, the mother of his first son Bindusara. However, it is believed that Chandragupta had many more consorts. According to legend, Prime Minister Chanakya was concerned that Chandragupta might be poisoned by his enemies, and therefore  started introducing small amounts of poison into the emperor’s food in order to build up a tolerance. Chandragupta was unaware of this plan and shared some of his food with his wife Durdhara when she was pregnant with their first son. Durdhara died, but Chanakya rushed in and performed an emergency operation to remove the full-term baby. The infant Bindusara survived, but a bit of his mother’s poisoned blood touched his forehead, leaving a blue bindu- the spot that inspired his name. Little is known about Chandragupta’s other wives and children. Chandraguptas son Bindusara is likely remembered more because of his son than for his own reign. He was the father of one of India’s greatest monarchs, Ashoka the Great. Death When he was in his 50s, Chandragupta became fascinated with Jainism, an extremely ascetic belief system. His guru was the Jain saint Bhadrabahu. In 298 BCE, the emperor renounced his rule, handing over power to his son Bindusara. He then  traveled south to a cave at Shravanabelogola, now in Karnataka. There, Chandragupta meditated without eating or drinking for five weeks until he died of starvation in a practice known as sallekhana or santhara. Legacy The dynasty that Chandragupta founded would rule over India and the southern part of Central Asia until 185 BCE. Chandraguptas grandson Ashoka would follow in his footsteps in several ways- conquering territory as a young man and then becoming devoutly religious as he aged. In fact, Ashokas reign in India may be the purest expression of Buddhism in any government in history. Today, Chandragupta is remembered as the unifier of India, like Qin Shihuangdi in China, but far less bloodthirsty. Despite a paucity of records, Chandragupta’s life story has inspired novels, movies such as 1958s â€Å"Samrat Chandragupt,† and even a 2011 Hindi-language TV series. Sources Goyal, S. R.  Chandragupta Maurya. Kusumanjali Prakashan, 1987.Singh, Vasundhra.  Maurya Empire. Rudra Publishers Distributors, 2017.

Trace character vs. fate theme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Trace character vs. fate theme - Essay Example Nevertheless ancient civilizations of Europe: Greece and Rome had presented new outlooks, new philosophies and ethics which were based on humanism and materialism. Ancient Greek philosophers and dramaturges had presented a new, liberal and unique idea of human's place in the universe. It was a human-centered philosophy, based on ration, sensualism and freedom of thought. Plato's Allegory of the Cave has become classical example which presents the world we live in: "Behold! Human beings living in an underground cave, which has a mouth open towards the light and reaching all along the cave; here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning round their heads. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the prisoners there is a raised way; and you will see, if you look, a low wall built along the way, like the screen which marionette players have in front of them, over which they show the puppets." (Plato, 2000, p.297) Allegory of the Cave is a symbolic name as it implies that human's world is not a world of darkness, where there is no way out, where everything is preplanned and where everyone has his own fate. The word "cave" means that there exists a way out, and this way is will power, confidence and knowledge based on rationalism of enquiring mind. There exists a sun at the end of cave, and sun of knowledge and reason shines for everyone and creates harmony, confidence and promotes social progress. The freedom-loving and democratic spirit of Plato's works and of Allegory of the Cave in particular case witnesses about original and new philosophy of human-centered universe, where the fate meant nothing but a cave or prison, as it was only a "prison" of human's will and mind. Plato stated that: "the man who truly worships the stars does not need to enquire what fate they weave for him, he is lifted above the reach of fate in his communion. By becoming one with the stars, he becomes one with his own fate." (Plato, 2000,p.194) Plato continues his discourses about human will, human nature, feelings and reason in his another work The Symposium which is written in the form of dialogue (like "the allegory") of several prominent citizens of Athens: dramaturges and philosophers. The theme of conversation is love, a very contradictory theme and very subjective. Nevertheless The Symposium remains to be a classical reference for study of this theme. As every participant in the dialogue presents his own point of view, presents his arguments, myths and discourses about love, we see the diverse ethic atmosphere in Ancient Greece, such triumph of human reason and ethical thought. Through logical and exhaustive discourses about love in the dialogue of famous Greeks we observe the power of subjective thinking and power of speech through arguments. It's a dialogue of people who are confident in their ethical principles and are confident that they are able to change something in the surrounding word. Their speeches do not contain elements of mysticism in the volume we can find in works of earlier authors such as Homer for example, their

Organizational Commitment and Organizational Effectiveness Term Paper

Organizational Commitment and Organizational Effectiveness - Term Paper Example Organizational change is primarily structural in character and it is designed to bring about alterations in organizational structure, methods, and processes. (Nilanjan, S et al,3 2006) Change is endemic to all organizations operating in business markets which involve improvements on current ways of doing things, of fine-tuning operations and implementing incremental changes on standard operating procedures. (Patrick D, and Constantine A, 2009)4 According to Whybrow (2007,p.5)5 it is necessary to act in times of immediate change, no matter how nasty it may seem or how much it impacts on staff or colleagues. In view of the changing nature of business and risks involved in it which is evident through the recession and economic depression occurring time and again challenging the business policies of the top leaders, change is necessary to face new challenges of every facet like accounting, technology, management, etc. There are certain factors that contribute to the change process in an organization like internal forces which include financial constraints, the need to do more with less, cross-functional teams, mergers and acquisitions, and empowered workers, etc. and external forces like new workforce demographics, changing expectations about quality, productivity, and customer satisfaction along with new technologies (APQC, 1999).6 The transformation of the bankrupt organization like Chrysler in 1970s to profitability which was possible due to the effective leadership of Iacocca, who revamped the internal politics and systems, changed the management structure, trimmed tens of thousands of employees, won concessions from UAW and transforming the company loser stigma of government bailout into positive cultural shift. It is pertinent to mention here that organizational change is triggered by an event which indicates the need for change like bankruptcy, in the case of Chrysler. However, it is assumed that change is followed by mixed reactions which provide positive i mpetus for change along with negative resistance from individuals and the organizations like technical systems, political systems and cultural systems (Pagan, 20087 and Rashid, Sambasivan & Rahman, 2003)8 The present paper discusses the role of culture and commitment to organizational change and provides some recommendation to maintain the commitment in the change process. Culture is often defined as that which is shared by and unique to a given organization or group and is an integrating mechanism, the social or normative glue that holds together a potentially diverse group of organizational members. (Warwick Organizational Behavior Staff, 2001, p.322)9 Smircich (cited in Iivari, n.d)10 analyzed different conceptions of organizational culture in relation to anthropological schools which have been conceived either as a variable or as a root metaphor for conceptualizing organization which is further divided into two areas: organizations have been regarded as cultures or having a cult ure. It is further mentioned that culture contributes to the overall balance and effectiveness of an organization.

Ulysses Essay: Sexuality and Linguistic Versatility :: Joyce Ulysses Essays

Sexuality and Linguistic Versatility in Ulysses  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to discuss the relations between sexuality and linguistic versatility I have chosen the two female characters, Molly and Gerty. The major reason for this is because the female voice in Ulysses is heard at length on only two occasions but I would argue is very important. So important in fact, that Joyce chooses to conclude the novel with Molly’s monologue. I hope to convey some of the contrasts and similarities in these differing monologues (despite the fact that in Gerty’s case it is technically not ever her monologue). In addition, I have tried to take into account that one is perceiving relations between female sexuality and linguistic versatility through the eyes of a man. Molly’s monologue is in the form of a soliloquy as opposed other forms of internal monologue. Molly’s monologue in common with Gerty’s is frequently rambling. Inevitably, it leads one to suppose that neither Molly nor Gerty has had much formal education. But the style of Molly’s monologue is that of colloquial speech. There is also an absence of punctuation in Molly’s monologue, which has the affect of speeding up ones reading tempo. Because of this, one feels that the language is explorative and exclamatory. About one quarter of all "becauses" in Ulysses are found in the episode ‘Penelope’ which consists entirely of Molly’s monologue. In both Molly’s and Gerty’s monologue the over use of "because" gives a superficial logic to their train of thought: "Like that one denying it up to my face and singing about the place in the WC too because she knew she was too well off yes because he couldn’t possibly do without it that long." Significantly well over another quarter of "becauses" are found in the first part of Nausicaa which concerns Gerty: "..but this was altogether different from a thing like that because there was all the difference because she could almost feel him draw her face to his and the first quick hot touch of his handsome lips." I think the over use of "and" give a flow to both their monologues. The ebb and flow of thoughts strongly relates to the movement and flow of the sea, which seems to have a great prominence in both these episodes. I think the language is relating to us a difference between men and women, namely that women are less rational than men are.

Re-offender puts lives at risk Essay

Ex-convict Mr. Jones was held in custody yesterday for the bribery of 2 local children, Jack and Jill Bramcote. The pair of children aged no less than 12 were bribed with a pack of sweets to climb up the green hill formally known as â€Å"the death trap† to collect a pale of water. The 2 children unaware of the great danger accepted the offer to consequently risk their lives. Whilst on their voyage up the death trap to the derelict well Jack passed out from exhaustion and dehydration, falling 40 meters to the ground. Unfortunately Jill came plummeting after trying to save her be-loved brother. When questioned all Mr Jones had to say was, â€Å"stupid naive kids!† But of cause we all no Mr. Jones is very used to the â€Å"you have a right to remain silent, anything you do say may be held against you in court† concept as this isn’t his first time in trouble with the police now is it Mr Jones?! Mr Jones is due to be in court next week for a number of charges, one of which aiding and betting. Haunted Happenings Two local 9 year old children Jack and Jill Morris were found in a critical state at the bottom of the green hill on Saturday evening. It’s thought that the 2 children were planning on climbing the hill to prove their belief that the derelict well is not haunted and is not the home of â€Å"bloody Mary†. A girl from the children’s school explains the myths,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦well for generations people that have lived in the village of Nottingham have known that the well at the top of the green hill is haunted and that it is the home of the bloody Mary, a vicious women, who can poses anyone with evil spirits, and marks all victims with a Greek symbol†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Trails found on the green hill have been identified as Jack and Jill’s, the trails were found going up the hill, but none were found coming down it, there is no evidence that Jack and Jill ever came down the hill, yet they both ended up at the bottom of it. Doctors have stated that the cause of the pairs injury was not due to a trip or a fall. Symbols forensics found on the wall of the well have also been found on Jack and Jill on their left shoulder. After an intense 2 days historian’s reported that the symbol means â€Å"let the curse be upon the persons whom are marked† and that it is Greek terminology. Both children are in intensive care and have not yet awoken. Police hope to question the pair when they regain consciousness and have said that until then they cannot comment on the evidence until done so. The green hill and well have both been cordoned off until more evidence has been gathered on the happenings of the 22nd January. Killer construction On Tuesday 23rd October 2008 police found 2 children in a critical state at the bottom of a hill in Nottingham. It’s believed that the children (not named for security reasons) were roaming the town in their holidays and decided to get a drink from a well positioned on the summit of the hill. Prints have been found on the well matching the children’s and so prove they got to the well, but after having a drink the pair had a water fight and in frantic running, rushing, ducking and diving the eldest out of the two came stumbling down the hill after falling over a piece of timber. All alone the younger sibling was left startled and shocked, and came running down after her brother only to fall over a scaffolding pole left behind after construction work. The pair was airlifted to the nearest hospital and received urgent medical care. Police investigating found the construction company, Gilford Try to blame due to the state the company left the hill in after aborting a major plan to build a mega-home on the land. The company should by law put up signs, posters and gates with warning and danger written in bold that can be clearly seen, however the company didn’t have any signs or anything to indicate danger. Seen as the company failed to follow the rules, they have been fined à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300,000. The mother of the children gave us her view, â€Å"†¦I think it’s pathetic, a big company like that would risk lives and their reputation just because they can’t be bothered to put up a few signs! There is no excuse for putting someone’s life at risk and that’s just what they did to both of my children putting them through a lot of pain and suffering. It seems they left behind a death trap only to start building another one†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Susan Miles the mother of the children have begun the process of suing the company and will have a minimum settlement of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½400,000. Step up or fall down On Monday of last week celebrities Jack Johnson and Jill Hepp were both emitted to hospital with several broken bones after a terrible accident filming choreography for their upcoming movie step up two, the streets. Jack was said to have tripped over whilst lifting Jill, sending the pair flying down the Hollywood hill. First aiders on standby immediately treated the stars while waiting for a helicopter to airlift them both to the nearest private hospital. In a statement the producers of step up two, the streets announced that the films launch date has been postponed until November.

Different Kinds of Progress - Stephen Hawkings a Brief History of Time and Thomas Paines The Age of Reason Free Essay Example, 2750 words

Thomas Paine s The Age of Reason was written in the form of a pamphlet, a popular form of written literature in, particularly 17TH and 18th century Britain and America. Paine used the pamphlet to compress his ideas and arguments into a tight space and to disseminate these ideas to a very wide audience, because of the cheap production costs of printing the pamphlets. Therefore, Paine s rhetoric is both rich and dense. The pamphlet of this earlier time in American history can be compared to the place that the paperback book has in a contemporary context. Stephen Hawking s A Brief History of Time is considerably longer than Paine s work, and as such contains much more history than Paine contains, but also contains far fewer direct lines of argument. Hawking s book tries to inform the reader of a certain line of history, in order to let the reader participate in a conversation with the writer. The writer, once the reader is well-informed, can engage the reader with subtle hints at a ne w worldview that stresses the importance of a mainly and thoroughly naturalistic conception of the universe. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Kinds of Progress - Stephen Hawkings a Brief History of Time and Thomas Paines The Age of Reason or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Thomas Paine is known for his simple, clear, and straightforward use of language to persuade his audiences (Foner). This is because his pamphlets reached a wide variety of people, due to their cheapness and wide dissemination. He used this clear and concise style with great effectiveness, especially in The Age of Reason , in which he tries to convince everyday people of the rational religion and the evils of institutionalized worship.

Causes And Effects Of The Tiananmen Square Protests

Jordan Chanin-Albanese Government Mr. Hawthorn 3/2/15 The Causes and Effects of the Tiananmen Square Protests Many historians and students of modern China believe that what happened in Tiananmen Square was a turning point in the development of China. Over twenty-five years have passed since the Tiananmen Square Massacre in Beijing on June 4, 1989. Estimates of the number of protesters killed by the Chinese Army range from several hundred to several thousand. We in the West are unlikely to ever know the exact death toll because the Chinese government, to this day, behaves as if the incident never happened. There are no monuments, no speeches on the anniversary of the event, and surviving protestors and relatives of the dead are watched closely by the government to insure that no recognition or memorial services are held – even in private. One thing is sure however, and that is the use of the military employing deadly force on Chinese citizens was a very deliberate and calculated decision by those in power – particularly Den g Xiaoping, the successor of Chairman Mao. Since that last era of widespread protests China has grown economically without any great cry for democracy. While it doesn’t seem possible that the communist government could fall in the current successful environment, it does seem likely that broad changes in geopolitics, information technology, and a resulting smaller and closer global community of people will bring about gradual change . 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Essay on The Economics of Marijuana Legalization - 2508 Words

After so many years, America still finds itself fighting a well-known and highly demonized enemy. The enemy is not terrorism. Its an enemy that many Americans have dealt with face to face. This enemy is illegal drugs, marijuana in particular. Marijuana is the most widely used and criminalized drug in the United States. This highly sought after resource yields a black market price tag that creates a street economy all its own. This is Marijuana by itself, it and all the other illegal drugs together combine to form the third largest economy in the world. This is because the demand for illegal drugs is so high. There can be benefits to a legalized drug trade that is certain. The following paper will defend that some uses of†¦show more content†¦Public use would be prohibited except for designated establishments and all other authorized public events and places. The operation of any motorized vehicle while under the influence of marijuana would also be prohibited by law. Violat ions of this law would result in punishments similar to those of current laws governing the operation of motorized vehicles while under the influence. Now obviously there would be many other intricate laws governing the legalization of marijuana. The possible laws mentioned above are general stipulations that would likely head categories of any future laws concerning legalities of marijuana. However, they do present a solid basis for future consideration. There are many ways that marijuana would benefit the economy if legalized. An economy benefits when there is a healthy flow of monies within. This means internal spending by citizens on items of their choice. Citizen spending is what keeps the economy going. The use of citizen?s tax money would also be greatly affected. Tax money would be allocated more properly and used in more strategic ways. The taxation of items such as legalized marijuana brings a flow of money into the economy that would otherwise not be there. 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(10 Facts About Marijuana) Despite all these debates, the legalization of marijuana is theRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuana Should Be Legal930 Words   |  4 PagesSince the 1970’s, marijuana has increasingly taken the forefront as the next â€Å"socially harmless† drug of choice, akin to the likes of alcohol and tobacco. Many state legislatures have begun a decriminalization process, and in some cases, full legalization and regulation. Though the scope of the following research is not to discuss the differences in legislation, the broad spectrum between completely illegal and legal use of mar ijuana should be noted. Regulation varies greatly from incredibly restricted

Nacirema Free Essays

The Nacirema change their behavior leading up to December 25th on their approved calendar. They believe that a spirit called â€Å"Christmas† will magically fill themselves and the people around then with joy and caring tendencies. They tell their offspring and little ones that a large man in a red suit with a white beard will break into their homes on the 25th and leave gifts if their behavior is good. We will write a custom essay sample on Nacirema or any similar topic only for you Order Now If they are bad this man will leave black natural resources, coal.The children are also told to leave cookies for the man, although he is already extremely stout. The adults although supply the children with gifts and not coal, whether the child is good or bad by cultural norms. The women of the homes spend days prepping the home for others to come. They wipe down floors and use a large machine to attempt to remove debris from the soft areas of the floor, although the floor will just collect more dirt and debris over time.Some Nacirema even go knocking on the doors of other Nacirema and when they answer, they sing. The Nacirema dedicate literature, moving pictures, and several items to this spirit. Also, the Nacirema place large amounts of small balls of light and other items on or around their places of rest to honor the spirit. not really fake greed Nacirema is American spelled backwards and refers to, with a degree/pretense of anthropological self-distancing, aspects of the behavior and society of citizens of North America.Studying the Nacirema remains useful and productive for Americans even half a century after Miner first did so because it helps us realize how our behavior may be viewed by other cultures and what that impression will do for our relati onship. Also, it helps us realize what parts of our behavior that we may have overlooked that are superficial, unnecessary, or flat out wrong. How to cite Nacirema, Papers

Alexander the Great Arriving in Persepolis Essay Example For Students

Alexander the Great Arriving in Persepolis Essay I am Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia ruler of Greece. I have been king of Macedonia since my fathers assassination five years ago. Since his death I have conquered much of the world. I am ruthless, and should anyone attempt to defeat me in battle, they are sure to die. The year I became ruler of Macedonia I set out to the city of Thessaly to restore Macedonia rule. After Thessaly submitted to me I conquered many states, and many other states freely submitted without battles. Two years after my fathers death, my war with the Persians began. Near the city of Troy, I defeated the Persian army. In doing so, all the states of Asia then submitted their arms to me. A year later I would encounter the Persians again; this time the main Persian army would be my opponent. I defeated the Persian army led by King Darious III at the city of Issus, and a year later took the city of Tyre. Furthermore, Egypt surrendered to me. Perhaps they knew they could not defeat me in battle and thought it better not to try. I had now secured control of the entire eastern Mediterranean coastline. I now bring you to my present time in history. It has been five years since I became king of Macedonia, and I have once again defeated my enemy, King Darious III at Babylon. I am now setting my sights on penetrating into the walls of Persepolis. I am very excited about this, as I am planning to retrieving many treasures which lie behind the walls. This will be a very fulfilling defeat because the Persian Empire plundered Athens almost 15 decades ago. I cannot let this go and because of it I will penetrate Persepolis and defeat the Persians and consummate vengeance upon them. With my highly skilled army of about sixty-thousand men, I entered Persepolis and assumed control of its palace. I find myself in the heart of Persia. From the Persian treasury at Persepolis I seized a wondrous amount of money. It is a well deserved payback, and I must resort to the tradition of vengeance for what the Persians did when Xerxes invaded Greece some hundred and fifty years ago. Alexander turned the city over to his troops, who stormed through its streets, slaughtered men, plundered their property and stripped women of their jewellery. My army and I will stay in Persepolis for the remainder of the winter and rest. There are many battles ahead for which we will need strength. It was with this that I started to think that I could not be both the avenger for what the Persians had done in Greece and at the same time be their new ruler. But in early spring I also knew that I owed it to the Athenians to allow vengeance one last time. Xerxes burned the Athenian Acropolis and the towns and temples of Attica those 15 decades ago, and I know that I must do something equally destructive. After a four month stay in Persepolis, it is now time to move on to conquer more states and force them to be ruled by Greeks. The night before we were to leave Persepolis, my men and I engaged in drinking and feasting. As the night went on, and my anger inside me grew, I began thinking of a way to attain vengeance against the Persians. I figured the only way to truly achieve this was to do to them what they had done to the Athenians. It was with this that my army and I burned Persepolis palace of Xerxes. I have now gotten my revenge on the Persians and I can now become their ruler and put the vengeance behind me. .

Ledership Essay Example

Ledership Essay What is leadership? According to Shockley- Zalabak (2009) Leadership is a process of guiding individuals, groups, and entire organization in establishing goals and sustaining action to support goals. What exactly is meant by leadership? There are literally hundreds of definitions about who a leader is and what is considered as leadership. Each definition may vary from one individual to another and may change from one situation to the other. For example we might call an individual a leader because of the persons’ election to the presidency of an institution. Other times we say he/she is not a leader because he/she does not exhibit leadership behaviors expected of the of a leader. In other words, we expected leadership from the legitimate position of the presidency, but when that president does not exhibit leadership behaviors, we say that the president is not a leader. According to Yukl, (2002). The definition of leadership is arbitrary and very subjective. Some definitions are more useful than others, but there is no â€Å"correct† definition. Leadership theories: Theories are most useful for influencing practice when they suggest new ways in which events and situations can be perceived. We will write a custom essay sample on Ledership specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ledership specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ledership specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Fresh insight may be provided by focusing attention on possible interrelationship that the practice has failed to notice, which can be further explored and tested through empirical research. If the result is a better understanding of practice, the theory –practice gap is significantly reduced for those concerned. (Hughes and Bush, 1991, p. 234). The trait theory This theory first surfaced in the writings of early Greeks and Romans and is prevalent today among those who believe that leadership cannot be developed. This theory assumed that leaders has innate traits that made them effective, great leaders were considered to be born with the ability for leadership, so it is either you have leadership qualities or you don’t . According to Shockley – zalabak (2009) theory of leadership, that leaders possessed innate traits that made them effective; is commonly referred to as the â€Å"great man† theory Leadership traits theory is the idea that people are born with certain character trait or qualities and since traits are associated with proficient leadership, it assumes that if you could identify eople with the correct traits, you will be able to identify leaders and people with leadership potential. It is considered that we are born naturally with traits as part of our personality; this theory in summary believes that leaders are born not made Criticism Researches were done to define traits or personality characteristic that best predict the effective leader. List of about eig hty traits or characteristic were gotten but trait approach failed to define clearly a stable set of characteristic associated with effective leadership. Even the concept of what is effective remains open to question. This theory does not prove a comprehensive explanation to how leaders interact with followers and meet the needs of specific circumstances. While truly others can be born leaders, it is incorrect to generalize by saying that leadership traits are in born and unchangeable. It’s true many of our dispositions and tendencies are influenced by our personalities and the way we are born. However, most people recognized that it is possible for someone to change their character trait for the worse. Someone known for being honest can learn to be deceitful, the whole idea of saying someone was â€Å"corrupted† is based on the fact that people can learn bad traits. If people can learn character traits and become different from the way they were born naturally traits can be learnt as well. A person who is prone to being dishonest can learn to be honest. A person who avoids risks can learn to take risk. It may not be easy, but it can be done. STYLE APPROACHES Leadership style approach focuses its attention on the leaders’ behavior. Leadership style is the combination of traits, skills, and behaviors leaders use as they interact with followers: (Lussier, 2004) Though leadership style is based on leadership skills and leadership traits, leadership behaviors is the important component. This is said to be the third approach to leadership studies, a consistent pattern of behavior is what characterizes a leader. â€Å"In shifting the study of leadership to leaders’ s tyle or behaviors, the style approach expanded the study of leadership to various contexts† (North house, 2004). According to Shockley- Zalabak (2009) style approach or theories attempt to identify and arrange the general approaches leaders use to achieve goals. These approaches are thought to be based or a leader’s assumption about what motivates people to accomplish goals. This theory attempts to identify a range of general approaches leaders use to influence goal achievement. These approaches are theorized to be based on the leader’s assumption about what motivates people to accomplish goals. Particular approaches also reflect complex relationships among the personal characteristics of the leader. Top among the style theories is the autocratic-to-democratic continuum first proposed by Ralph while and Ronald Lippitt (1960). Autocratic style of leader is a leader who makes decisions with little influence from others Shockley- Zalabak (2009). The leader that exhibits this behavior makes the decisions, gives orders to employees, and is constantly supervising his subordinate. This leader tells others what to do and usually enforces sanctions against those who chose not to comply. He views his followers as essential for goal achievement but usually feels little responsibility for employee needs and relationship Shockley- zalabak (2009). Criticism Research suggests that autocratically led groups produce more in quantity than democratically led groups, but that the quality output is better when more democracy is practiced. Generally with autocratic styles the led are not happy so they just do as they are told not because they have the interest of the institution at heart or because they enjoy working. Democratic- Shockley-Zalabak (2009) states that this style of leaders is the one that involves followers in decision making. The leader that exhibits this behavior promotes shared decision, team work, and does not supervise his subordinates closely. He assumes followers are able to participate in decision making, they try to create a climate in which problem solving can take place while preserving interpersonal relationships. It is clear that these leadership styles are opposite’s end of a continuum. As such, it’s easy to think that a leader’s leadership style s follows between those ends. Criticism When a leader is democratic at times his other colleagues in leadership positions can look at him as a weakling and also the subordinates might take advantage and wants to be disrespectful. Laissez-faire style- Here the leader behaves as non-leader. Individuals and groups are expected to make their own decisions because of a hand-off approach from the leader. The laissez-faire leader is an example of non-leader. This leader expects groups and individuals to make their own decision. He gives information only when ask by group members. Criticism The success of the group depends greatly on the abilities of the group and groups members willingness to work with little or no leadership. If the groups members consist of people that need a push to do things they won’t be able to achieve much. Impoverished management- According to Shockley- Zalabak (2009) this style is characterized by low concern for interpersonal relationships and task accomplishment. This leader makes few attempts to influence people towards task or goals. He dislikes leadership responsibilities and lets others take the responsibility that rightfully belongs to the leader. This leader is usually uncomfortable with leadership and intellectually resists the need for it. Criticism These leaders may be primarily responsible for the failure of the group. Middle- of- the- road management- This is a style of leader who balances task and peoples’ concerns; commonly referred to as compromised leadership or management. The leader negotiates and compromises to achieve workable agreements and directions for action Country club management- This is a style of leaders who emphasizes interpersonal relationship at the expense of goal achievement the leader here wants to be liked and have group followers who feel supported by the leader. He provides an interpersonal relationship bond that is low on task emphasis and high in interpersonal support Criticism He may want a task accomplished but will not take steps to emphasize this element to others, if members are not highly task oriented; he ends up doing their work. Rather than insisting that the employees exhibit high standards of performance. These leaders may not develop the abilities of the people under them. Team leadership: This is the theoretical ideal: team leaders exhibit high concern for both task and interpersonal relationships by emphasizing goal accomplishment while supporting people, it fosters a sense of â€Å"we† with high performance standards. This leadership share decision making and strives for problem solving designed to solve rather than postpone problem, it respects different point of view and value diversity as long as it contributes to the group effort. Criticism Team members who support one another but do not have enough ability or information to work on problems will not be able to produce a high-quality decision.

Useful English Phrases for Running a Business Meeting

Useful English Phrases for Running a Business Meeting This reference sheet provides short phrases to help you run a business meeting from start to finish. Generally speaking, you should use formal English to run a business meeting. As you participate, its a good idea to paraphrase others ideas to make sure you understand. Opening the Meeting Welcome participants with quick phrases and get down to business. Good morning/afternoon, everyone.If we are all here, lets. . . get started (OR)start the meeting. (OR). . . start. Good morning everyone. If were all here, lets get started. Welcoming and Introducing Participants If you have a meeting with new participants, make sure to introduce them before as you start the meeting. Please join me in welcoming (name of participant)Were pleased to welcome (name of participant)Its a pleasure to welcome (name of participant)Id like to introduce (name of participant)I dont think youve met (name of participant) Before I get started, Id like to please join me in welcoming Anna Dinger from our office in New York. Stating the Principal Objectives of a Meeting Its important to begin the meeting by clearly stating the main objectives for the meeting. Were here today toOur aim is to ...Ive called this meeting in order to ...By the end of this meeting, Id like to have ... Were here today to discuss the upcoming merger, as well as go over last quarters sales figures.   Giving Apologies for Someone Who is Absent If someone important is missing, its a good idea to let others know that they will be missing from the meeting. Im afraid.., (name of participant) cant be with us today. She is in...I have received apologies for the absence of (name of participant), who is in (place). Im afraid Peter cant be with us today. Hes in London meeting with clients but will be back next week. Reading the Minutes (Notes) of the Last Meeting If you have a meeting that repeats regularly, make sure to read the minutes from the last meeting to make sure that everyone is on the same page. First, lets go over the report from the last meeting which was held on (date)Here are the minutes from our last meeting, which was on (date) First, lets go over the minutes from our last meeting which was held last Tuesday. Jeff, could you please read the notes? Dealing with Recent Developments Checking in with others will help you keep everyone up to date on progress on  various projects.   Jack, can you tell us how the XYZ project is progressing?Jack, how is the XYZ project coming along?John, have you completed the report on the new accounting package?Has everyone received a copy of the Tate Foundation report on current marketing trends? Alan, please tell us how the final arrangements for the merger are coming along.   Moving Forward Use these phrases to transition to the main focus of your meeting. So, if there is nothing else we need to discuss, lets move on to todays agenda.Shall we get down to business?Is there any other business?If there are no further developments, Id like to move on to todays topic. Once again, Id like to thank you all for coming. Now, shall we get down to business? Introducing the Agenda Before you launch into the main points of the meeting, double check that everyone has a copy of the agenda for the meeting. Have you all received a copy of the agenda?There are three items on the agenda. First,Shall we take the points in this order?If you dont mind, Id like to ... go in order (OR)skip item 1 and move on to item 3I suggest we take item 2 last. Have you all received a copy of the agenda? Good. Shall we take the points in order? Allocating Roles (secretary, participants) As you move through the meeting, its important that people keep track of whats going on. Make sure to allocate note taking. (name of participant) has agreed to take the minutes.(name of participant) has kindly agreed to give us a report on this matter.(name of participant) will lead point 1, (name of participant) point 2, and (name of participant) point 3.(name of participant), would you mind taking notes today? Alice, would you mind taking notes today? Agreeing on the Ground Rules for the Meeting (contributions, timing, decision-making, etc.) If there is no regular routine to your meeting, point out the basic rules for discussion throughout the meeting. We will hear a short report on each point first, followed by a discussion around the table.I suggest we go round the table first.The meeting is due to finish at...Well have to keep each item to ten minutes. Otherwise well never get through.We may need to vote on item 5, if we cant get a unanimous decision. I suggest we go round the table first to get everyones feedback. After that, well take a vote. Introducing the First Item on the Agenda Use these phrases to begin with the first item on the agenda. Make sure to use sequencing language to connect your ideas throughout the meeting. So, lets start withShall we start with. .So, the first item on the agenda isPete, would you like to kick off?Martin, would you like to introduce this item? Shall we start with the first item? Good. Peter will introduce our plans for the merger and then will discuss the implications.   Closing an Item As you move from item to item, quickly state that you have finished with the previous discussion. I think that covers the first item.Shall we leave that item?If nobody has anything else to add, I think that covers the important points of the merger. Next Item These phrases will help you transition to the next item on the agenda. Lets move onto the next itemThe next item on the agenda isNow we come to the question of. Now, lets move onto the next item. Weve been having a bit of a personnel crunch lately. Giving Control to the Next Participant If someone takes over your role, give control to them with one of the following phrases. Id like to hand over to Mark, who is going to lead the next point.Right, Dorothy, over to you. Id like to hand over to Jeff, who is going to discuss the personnel issues. Summarizing As you finish the meeting, quickly sum up the main points of the meeting. Before we close, let me just summarize the main points.To sum up, ...In brief,Shall I go over the main points? To sum up, weve moved forward with the merger and expect to start work on the project in May. Also, the personnel department has decided to hire additional staff to help us with the increased demand. Suggesting and Agreeing on Time, Date and Place for the Next Meeting As you end the meeting, make sure to arrange for the next meeting if necessary. Can we fix the next meeting, please?So, the next meeting will be on... (day), the . . . (date) of.. . (month) at...What about the following Wednesday? How is that?So, see you all then.   Before we leave, Id like to fix the next meeting. What about next Thursday? Thanking Participants for Attending Its always a good idea to thank everyone for attending the meeting. Id like to thank Marianne and Jeremy for coming over from London.Thank you all for attending.Thanks for your participation. Thank you all for your participation and Ill see you next Thursday. Closing the Meeting Close the meeting with a simple statement. The meeting is closed.I declare the meeting closed. Explore useful phrases and proper language use in these business English articles: Introduction and Example Meeting Dialogue Phrase Reference Sheet for Participating in a Meeting Formal or Informal? Appropriate Language in Business Situations