International Marketing Cultural Factors

Travel Articles Arent for Travel Magazines Only

Travel Articles Arent for Travel Magazines Only You shouldn’t limit your endeavors for a movement article deal living magazines, regionals, ways of life, papers, seniors magazines, general magazines and even pet magazines (if your pet article is travel related) and all the more all print travel articles. FAMILY FUN, a family and child rearing magazine, has a few travel columns.â Two are â€Å"We Tried It† and â€Å"You are There.†Ã¢ These one-page articles detail a family’s experience attempting a particular action or at a participatory attraction.â Christian magazines regularly join data about intriguing spots with missions or potentially service opportunities.â Business magazines have short articles relating to travelbusiness trips, air terminals that give activities between flights, etc.â Regional or way of life magazinesMIDWEST LIVING and SOUTHERN LIVING, for examplelook for short pieces on beautiful drives, city profiles, travels, goals, etc.â EVERYDAY WITH RACHAEL RAY, a food and way of life magazine, for the most part has up to ten pages of movement related articles.â Even cheap living pamphlets buy travel pieces.â I undercuts an article on the most proficient method to get a good deal on the acquisition of a rental vehicle and another on th e best way to set aside cash when taking an excursion to THE DOLLAR STRETCHER. And, obviously, there are the composing magazines.â Once you have a little travel-composing shrewd added to your repertoire, tell others how you do it Travel articles encapsulate more than the 2,000-3,000 word highlight articles on goals and so forth; they likewise incorporate 50-150-word brisk hit pieces on the most recent travel trendsgear, devices, etc.and other short 250-500 word pieces on everything from feasting and nightlife to wellbeing and transportation as long as it’s travelrelated.â Travel showcases other than the conventional travel markets are pervasive and for all intents and purposes interminable. Travel articles regularly ride at least one market boundaries.â That is the reason such a large number of various sorts of magazines can utilize them. For instance, a tale about individuals with handicaps or ailments utilizing air transportation would be both wellbeing and travel related and an anecdote about first class travel status could locate a home in a business magazine and a movement magazine.â I am right now chipping away at a short 250-word review for ARTHRITIS TODAY on a home-developed procedure my child thought of for a compartment to convey infusion needles on board a plane, an article provoked You can frequently gather the movement data for your elective magazine markets from what you utilized in a bigger more top to bottom travel article you composed for a true blue travel magazine.â I as of late composed a more-than-2,000-word coordinations article on a significant city for TRAVEL SMART, for example.â From that one article I had the option to separate a 600-word how-to for a composing magazine, a 1,000-word article for another and a 700-word how-to for a cheap living pamphlet (all movement related articles, of course).â And I’m not finished.â I likely arrangement a short refinery profile (travel related) for a whiskey magazine (non-travel distribution), a thought that came to me when I incorporated a refinery visit as a major aspect of my protracted coordinations article.â As I’d as of now examined and covered these side projects in my unique article, reusing them to other non-travel markets was genuinely basic. As independent journalists we have to keep the checks coming in. On the off chance that you’re a movement author, money in (I imply that actually) on each chance to â€Å"crossover† into other non-tourism publications with your movement articles.

How You Can Manage Psychosocial Stress

How You Can Manage Psychosocial Stress Stress Management Print How You Can Manage Psychosocial Stress By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD on November 12, 2019 facebook twitter linkedin Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Carly Snyder, MD on November 12, 2019 istockphoto   More in Stress Management Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Psychosocial stress affects most of us from time to time and can take a significant toll. It is the result of a cognitive appraisal (your mental interpretation) of what is at stake and what can be done about it. More simply put, psychosocial stress results when we look at a perceived social threat in our lives (real or even imagined) and discern that it may require resources we dont have. What Is Psychosocial Stress? Examples of psychosocial stress can include anything that translates to a perceived threat to our social status, social esteem, respect, and/or acceptance within a group; threat to our self-worth; or a threat that we feel we have no control over. All of these threats can lead to a stress response in the body.  These can be some of the most taxing stressors to deal with, as they can make us feel unsupported and alienated.  This can make it more difficult to cope. When psychosocial stress triggers a stress response, the body releases a group of stress hormones including cortisol, epinephrine (or adrenalin) and dopamine, which leads to a burst of energy as well as other changes in the body (see this article on the fight-or-flight response for more.) The changes brought about by stress hormones can be helpful in the short term, but can be damaging in the long run. For example, cortisol can improve the body’s functioning by increasing available energy (so that fighting or fleeing is more possible) but can lead to suppression of the immune system as well as a host of other effects. Decoding Your Fight or Flight Stress Response Epinephrine can also mobilize energy, but create negative psychological and physical outcomes with prolonged exposure. Thats why its important to manage psychosocial stress in our lives so that the stress response is only triggered when necessary. Its also important to learn stress relief techniques to effectively reverse the stress response so we dont experience prolonged states of stress  or chronic stress. There are several ways to manage psychosocial stress, because it involves factors on the outside (what were dealing with) and the inside (our thoughts about it), and can affect multiple areas of our lives.  Here are some strategies that can help. Develop Your Conflict Resolution Skills Conflict is an almost inevitable part of a relationship.  People are going to have disagreements and are going to want different things.  The way we manage conflict can create significant psychosocial stress but if you can work on your conflict resolution skills, that can help at least half of the equation: you can change what you bring to the situation, you can diffuse some of the negativity, and you can model healthier behavior.  This can greatly minimize the stress felt by all involved. Effective Conflict Resolution Skills Focus on Supportive Friends and Avoid Drama If you think about it, you know who you can trust to support you and who you cant.  Simply spending more time with those who make your life easier and minimizing time spent with those who make you feel stressed can cut down on a lot of the psychosocial stress you experience.  It wont cut out all of the drama you experience, but it can stop a lot of it. Try a Shift in Perspective Sometimes we feel angered or threatened by things that dont affect us that much, and the stress we feel as a result isnt necessary.  Changing how you look at something, or just shifting what you focus on can make a difference in your stress levels--it can make something that seems like a big deal feel less so.  When put in a different perspective, everything can feel less stressful. Shift Your Perspective and Change Your Life Find Stress Management Strategies That Work for You Finding ways to manage your overall stress level can help you to be less reactive to psychosocial stress, or any specific stressor.  The key is to find something that works well for you and something that fits well in your life and with your personality.

Top 80s Songs of Superstar Solo Artist Phil Collins

The History of Rock and Roll Music Essay - 1037 Words

The 1960s were the classic age of rock music. The main sub-genres were defined in the 1960s. The paradigm of rock music as the alternative to commercial pop music was established in the 1960s. Wild experimentation alloweds rock musicians to explore a range of musical styles that few musicians had attempted before 1966. Captain Beefheart and the Velvet Underground also created a different kind of rock music within rock music, a different paradigm within the new paradigm, one that will influence alternative musicians for decades. More than musical giants like Bob Dylan and Jimi Hendrix, humble musicians like Captain Beefheart, the Velvet Underground and the Red Crayola may be the true heroes of the 1960s. A black man†¦show more content†¦They followed his dreams. Dillon had turned rock music into an expression of the ambitions of youth. Around this time commercial rock music completely changed as it hit the coast of California. This change came in the form of surf music. The beach boys had taken rock music and put a spin on it with vocal harmonies. While before rock music was a way of fighting the system California turned it into a music all about having fun at the beaches and parties. By the 60’s the times were ready for change but something drastic still needed to happen. England would become a major part of American rock. In England Mersey-beat was born. Mersey beat was rock but with history behind it. From this came bands like the Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, Yardbirds, The Animals, and many others. The Rolling stones became the sensation throughout England. They’re first record became one of the most successful singles of the era. The yard birds were the most experimental of them all. Out of the Yardbirds came three of the best guitarists in history: Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck and Jimi Page. The second generation of the 60’s created the Kinks and The Who. Both went on to record concept albums and rock operas that paraphrased the British operetta at the sound of rock music. Then in the Mid 60’s The Cream and Led Zeppelin brought change with a louder, harder blues rock mix. Cream had very long solos and Led Zeppelins fast riffs. This was trulyShow MoreRelatedA Brief History Of Rock And Roll And The Woodstock Music Festival Of 19691382 Words   |  6 PagesA Brief History of Rock and Roll and The Woodstock Music Festival of 1969 Throughout history, major social transformations have taken place that has changed how people perceive themselves and the world around them. With each social reformation, cultural forms and institutions also change as well as their meanings. For Example, the development of recording and electronic communication within United States capitalism spurred the unique coming together of music traditions in twentieth century UnitedRead MoreA Perspective Of Rock And Roll s Impact On Society1653 Words   |  7 PagesA Perspective of Rock and Roll’s Impact on Society â€Å"Rock and roll keeps you in a constant state of juvenile delinquency,† stated Eddie Spaghetti; this quote captures the essence of rock n roll. It speaks it s truth about the influence on attitudes towards authority and implies how society reacted to the new revolution created by Rock ‘n roll, transforming the world into what it has become today. The music affected how people used recreational drugs, having unmarried sex, and threatened the traditionalRead MoreAmerican Pie Is A Song That Made A Huge Impact On Americans850 Words   |  4 Pagesthe events from the nineteen fifties through nineteen seventies after Buddy Holly’s death. 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The book is chronologically ordered, organizing the movement into 45 chapters and clearly showing how rock and roll artists influenced each other throughout the time periodRead MoreRock And Roll : Rock Roll1169 Words   |  5 PagesRey Marinas Mus160 CRN 10962 Homework # 2 Rock Roll Rock music has come a long way since its development in the early 20th century. The genre, defined â€Å"as a merger between rhythmblues and country† (Scaruffi, The History of Rock Music:1955-1966), started out more as an underground market, but ended up becoming a significant aspect of American popular music history. Rock-n-Roll music produce many legendary artists who will forever be known as innovators of the genre. Elvis Presley and ChuckRead MoreThe Origins Of Rock And Roll1090 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"African Americans invented Rock and Roll, without their musical contributions we would not have the genre.† As an eager, attentive History 105 student I have had to opportunity to learn a great deal about the origins of the genre of Rock and Roll. The origin, even though many historians have attempted to determine exactly where it came from, is still unknown. Rock and Roll is a blend of Gospel, Jazz, Blues, Hillbilly, Rhythm and Blues and many more types of music. Throughout this essay I will tryRead MoreEssay The History of Rock and Roll1033 Words   |  5 PagesRock music has come a long way since its development in the early 20th century. The genre, defined â€Å"as a merger between rhythmblues and country† (Scaruffi, The History of Rock Music:1955-1966), started out more as an underground market, but ended up becoming a significant aspect of American popular music history. Rock-n-Roll music produce many legendary artists who will for ever be known as innovators of the genre. Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were some of the many artists in Rock-n-Roll who willRead MoreRock And Roll : An Ongoing Process900 Words   |  4 PagesDanita Mottie Final Exam Rock and roll is an ongoing process. Some might say it’s dead in it’s tracks but as i mention in later answers, rock and roll is a statement rather than a genre. The most effective process has been through would be it’s transformation. Between the mid-1960s and 1995 i believe rock and roll changed in more of a dramatic way. The Beatles were a big game changer in the 1960s as everyone likes to use the term revolutionary to describe what happened with music. The beatles were evenRead MoreRock And Roll : An Integral Part Of American Culture1705 Words   |  7 PagesI love Rock Roll! So, put another dime in the jukebox baby.† - (Joan Jett). Still like that old time Rock Roll. That kind of music just soothes the soul, I reminisce about the days of old, with that old time Rock Roll.† - (Bob Segar). Music has always been an integral part of American culture. Music is the art of combining vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion (Oxford Dictionary). People of any race, age, social class, intelligenceRead MoreThe Effect of Rock and Roll on American Society694 Words   |  3 PagesRock and roll was not just a new generation of music; it was music that created a new generation. Rock and roll had a transformative effect on American society because it encouraged younger people to break out of the more conservative American mold, increased the use of technology in daily life, as well as implemented civil rights movements that bolstered minority groups and races. Rock and roll helped break many people out of the pre-war mindset and into a new, fresh one. Although many adults detested

economic change Essay Example For Students

economic change Essay In the world at this time the economic change was happening at an accelerated speed and this effected Canada. Industrialization started a whole new revolution in Canada. The movement from agricultural habitation to industrial base habitation was beginning. Also in this economic change there was a shift in the growth of industries in the city. People worked in the city but their homes were out in the country, so they had to move to the city. This caused a growth in the number of people living in cities, which meant the cities had to grow. Despite the larger numbers of people coming over from agricultural too industrial the ratio of farmers to factory workers was 4:1. Now with farmers becoming factory workers there could be some changes in our technology specially in the field of transportation. From the factories started to come inventions that could help men and women travel faster than their grandparents or their parents could have possibly imagined. The development of these items t hat are still around today would change history. The developments were thing like trains, electrical trolleys, and bikes. Thanks to these inventions the cities were able to move further apart so that there was more room. People did not have to sleep as close to their employment buildings. With all this happening, other thing began to improve as well, such as the standards of living. Things were beginning to modernize such as housing, medical, and hygine, were becoming more standard in life. Thanks to the factories, hygine began with more sanitary procedures such as dealing with human waste. The toilet was invented by Tomas Crapper. The toilets that Crapper thought up, were mass produced because of the factories. So we can say change in economy brings great things for the country. Though our Economic was going through many different changes Canada still had some stability. We had political stability. Canada was originally British owned and Queen Victoria ruled over Canada for 50 years. Being part of Britain had many advantages such as, being apart of the most solidified rulers on the planet. The British owned near 20% of earth which is allot. Britain was what the United States are today. They were most likely feared and respected all around the world. A disadvantage to being apart of Britain was that Canada wanted to be its own nation and not seen as just a British colony. Canada wanted to start the search for its nationalism which it got in the year 1876. Even more stability was that Canada and the USA were having no more wars with one another. Also the end to slavery which came in 1833 and is still stable even today. Even with everything changing you can always find some stability. The changes that took place in our Social and Cultural in this time are the things that make Canada great. The end to slavery comes for Canada and the British the same year in 1833. It ended in America in 1865. Education becomes compulsary and universal for getting a job with industrial realtions. Which was the hole reason we now have such great technoigies and increase in literacy. The rural and uran shift became a land slide by this time the ratio of factrory worker to the farmers was 4:1 a direct change from the 1:4 we had just before and a little into the turn of the century. Still in this time women were considered non persons until some were between 1900-1920 where that were considered people by the government. At this time our immigration number shot way up to 2 million people a year. They came for many different reasons such as over crowed places and families being kicked off their land. They saw posters advertisming free land in Canada so they moved here to start over and be gin their new lives as Canadians. These modifications in Canada is exactly what makes our nation so great and so well respected around the world.

Organisational Structure free essay sample

The organisational structure of a company reflects its culture, its management style and its leader attitude in addition to the environment in which it has to operate. Without giving a full description of the two airlines structure it is worth saying that British Airways and Virgin Airlines mainly differ in two aspects: size and culture. Both companies have a structure which is mostly dictated by operational needs characteristic to every airline. British Airways has a more formalised structure with precise rules and procedures, due to its size and the global scope of its activity. A major change in the last years has been the reduction of its management layers, between the chief executive and the front line who interface with customers, from nine to five. It now has small ad hoc groups working in parallel with the formal structure, with responsibilities that cut across different functions, or in some case duplicated these functions. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Structure or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Virgin Atlantic is a more cost conscious, lean and mean organisation. It has a small, networked and dynamic structure. It relies more on personal initiatives, helped in this by its small scale and its leader’s management style. Virgin in fact is one of the best delegated companies. 5. 2 Corporate culture The organisational culture consists of the deep basic assumptions, beliefs, values and norms which are shared by members of an organisation, arise from the organisation’s history and tradition and are modified by contemporary events. It can more simply synthesised as the assumptions about â€Å"how people do things around here†. The culture of an organisation is fundamental because the mission, the strategies and the way they will be accomplished will spread from this core of key assumptions, how it is managed and how effectively it is communicated and shared throughout the organisation. The culture will be affected from and will affect leadership and the style of management and will play a major role in customer satisfaction especially in the service industry where the absence of physical evidences must be replaced by a strong culture. Corporate culture can be described as a self sustaining system by McKinsey 7S’s model which includes Staff, Skills, Style, Shared Values, Systems and Structure, all mobilised by an overall Strategy. Those who would evolve a culture that can pursue an effective strategy must: hire the right Staff (service oriented), train them in the right Skills (emotional labour), manage them in the Style required (trust, empowerment), select values to Share with them (customers first), install the right Systems (performance appraisal), improve the Structure (less hierarchy, more cross-functional teams). Where all these six points on the hexagon have been dealt with they can help mobilise a coherent strategy (see Illustration 5. 1). In BA and Virgin Atlantic marketing fuses with the highly visible corporate culture experienced by passengers. The culture is really what customers buy. It is a larger pattern in which the physical features, such as seating and food, are embedded. Product innovations can be rapidly imitated but the culture cannot be easily copied. It has to be built up and learned. Developing an effective service culture moves an airline ahead of its competitors with imitators are more likely to fail. There are two cultures in British Airways, one high in the sky at 30,000 feet which is highly co-operative, service oriented focused on passengers and the other one on the ground highly competitive, politicised head-to-head with the external world, where it seems that fiercely adversarial values reigned. Middle management, which is key to the implementation of any strategy and the outcome of cultural change, is still ruled by separate functions and at the top all the weight still goes on the individualist functions of high finance and take-over. There is still some job to be done (see Illustration 5. 2). [pic] Competitive Politicised Functionalist Specialist Co-operative Service oriented Illustration 5. 2 British Airways’ cultures The reason for BA’s success lies in the radical change of its culture undertaken in the 80’s and which is still going on, as Mr. Ayling stated recently. BA managed in the 80’s to change from the airline of last resort to the world’s favourite carrier. The airline was grossly overmanned, unpunctual and strike prone, with a very special disdain for passengers. It needed a coherent philosophy on how the customer can best be served. Most of the change has been prompted by a marketing orientation. Customers have been posed at the centre of the attention and individuals have been empowered to take initiative. It learned to respond to customers’ requirements and co-act on individuals’ initiatives. Ayling is now concerned about how to remove the last vestiges of bureaucracy. A customer oriented culture is vary important for an airline. Its reputation relies mostly on verbal encounters between airline staff and passengers, most lasting less than 30 seconds. A company such as British Airways, with its 30 million passengers a year interacting an average 7. 5 times per journey, could expect 225 million of such short interactions. Those dealing directly with customers must have room for discretion and personal initiative. They need to be looked after so that they can repeat this caring approach onto the customers. Customers’ intuitive reaction is not to the product, but to an ambience, environment or culture within the cabin and at the check in desk. Even when staff are seen as professional and competent they are likely to be also seen as cold, uncaring and ureaucratic in their response to customers. The how is often more important than the what, especially as a source of dissatisfaction. Cabin staff’s content of work varies so much. They don’t know what kind of emotional response will be called for (emotional labour). The best workers are in excellent physical and mental shape and must have close group bounds for shari ng each other’s grief and pain. The culture must be one in which people pass on to others the quality of the care they receive. The supervisor gives trust, support and the advice and then leave them free to use their judgement. Much work in cabins and on counters is not personally fulfilling, they don’t get customers’ gratitude and friendship. The praise therefore must come from colleagues and supervisors and must be an attribute of the culture. As seen in the 7S’s model evaluation and reward systems are an essential part of the culture and provide it with support and reinforcement. British Airways applies a two-dimensional evaluation system for managers based on what people achieve and how they do it. The how is in fact an upward appraisal system. The appraisal system is then tied up to a cash bonus system, which directly rewards high combinations of what and how. There are some dilemmas that British Airways culture must reconcile: Lean and Mean versus Fat and Happy, individual responsibility versus group cohesion, specialists versus generalists, hard (operational) versus soft (service) part of the business. All those elements are essential to success. Passengers want both safe, comfortable, punctual aircraft and be treated as people, individuals whose cares and concerns matter. Leaders have to manage the conflict in order to get the best for their employees and their customers. Management must find a paradigm which reconciliates the top, the bottom and the middle of the organisation. 5. 2. 2 Management style and leadership at British Airways The traditional style at BA had been bureaucratic, distancing, highly segmented between functions and characterised by low personal feedback, neglect of subordinates, depersonalisation and hierarchy. It has changed to a style where coaching, training and supporting are key to employees empowerment. Manager learn how to trust employees developing a vision and then letting employees use judgement and discretion while responsibility remains with them (see Chapter 12). Managers are shown how to build a support system, so that they can get help from one another outside the formal structure and across functions. Subordinates need to be shown how their job contribute to the larger whole. People are asked to make decisions, they are provide with a vision or framework in which they are then empowered to take action to respond to non standard situations. Mistakes are forgivable provided one tries. Lord King has had a more autocratic style to manage BA, but delegation at BA has started with Sir Colin Marshall who preferred to work one-on-one, delegating responsibility directly to key individuals. The management at all levels need to set a positive example which pervades the organisation. Mutually responsive relationships created with customers can also be reproduced in relation to other stakeholders. It is vital to give status and support to people in the middle. This enables all the elements of the circle to learn and develop. . 2. 3 Virgin Atlantic’s Culture Virgin is a Virgin is a flat and partecipative organisation with an open, enterprising and flexible culture, staff are friendly, fun and courteous, the organisational climate is informal, encouraging, cheerful, morale is high and they enjoy their work. The culture at Virgin can best be described as a power culture, frequently found in small entrepreneurial organisations. The power source is namely Richard Branson with rays of power and influence spreading out from the central figure (see Illustration 5. 3). The organisation depends on trust and empathy for its effectiveness as well as personal interactions for communications. There are few rules and procedures, little bureaucracy and the organisation is proud and strong. A power culture such as Virgin has the ability to move quickly, innovate and react well to threats. The culture at Virgin is certainly a major contributor to its success. Virgin culture is probably unique in the airline industry. It was built on the vision of an airline dedicated to premium customers which could do anything to satisfy them. Virgin is very much customer focused and the major difference with BA is that this orientation pervades the total organisation. Virgin Atlantic is also dedicated to the long-term, it has always sought growth in the long term and acted accordingly. Richard Branson Illustration 5. 3 Virgin’s power culture Virgin corporate culture fully succeeds in conveying a sense of identity and unity of purpose to members of the organisation, facilitating the generation of commitment and mutuality, shaping behaviour by providing guidance on what is expected. There’s no airline for which the role of the leader in shaping the culture of an organisation would be more true. The staff love and are proud of being part of Virgin and talking about their company. Richard Branson sets the tone for the style of the airline, creating the assumptions of competence and furthering the trust without which an empowered organisation cannot operate, and leads by example. No rules, regulations or job descriptions have been developed. Examples have been set and story telling developed. Reward systems provide bonuses related to company’s result or the victory over a court settlement. . 2. 4 Management style and leadership at Virgin Atlantic Despite the lower pay in relation to competitors people love working at Virgin Atlantic, there is some kind of mystic related to working for its leader. R. Branson, or Richard for its employees, is not the classic chief executive officer. He is Virgin’s biggest assets and biggest liability. Without him Virgin would not exist or would probably a completely different airline. He has been the shaper who have given a vision and then lead by example to gain the commitment of his staff. Inexperience brought chaos in the beginning, but Branson’s presence on board and his willingness to make the work fun had produced an excellent service and high morale. Branson has adopted a more charismatic and laissez faire style of leadership. His ability to communicate has attracted both his people and the media attention. The result is an innovative, forward thinking, creative and quality oriented company. The management style can be defined as informal without being casual, but Virgin’s approach to business is totally serious. Branson has a particularly individual style of informal, risk taking, entrepreneurial management. He manages by empowerment and mega-parties for his staff. Directors and staff are equally trusted and involved in decision making, making of Virgin one of the best delegated companies (both responsibility and authority are delegated). Empowerment changes the way control is exercised. Everyone is close to the customer and loops are short with customer expectations being the principle motivation. Creative thinking is stimulated and people can emotionally rely on colleagues. Listening and walking around are positive attitudes Branson and other managers have at Virgin. Cross functional teams are widely spread and achievement is celebrated, there is a diffuse feeling of ownership of the airline’s problems and achievement. Everybody works flat out to make the impossible happen. This has created the most amazing camaraderie. The environment is relatively small and it helps to know each other. The real secret of Virgin Atlantic is in changing the traditional hierarchy which saw shareholders as the key public of a company followed by customers and staff. Virgin puts its staff first, customer second and shareholders third (see Illustration 5. 4). British Airways before privatisation Virgin Atlantic